Lactose – It is milk sugar and used by E. coli as a potential energy source. It is a disaccharide that is divided into glucose and galactose.
Lac operon- It is an operon system that requires the sugar lactose to switch “ON†the gene. It is an inducible system.
The operon is composed of
The promoter region- This is a location where the RNA polymerase attaches and the synthesis progresses.
The operator region-It is a site where the repressor proteins bind and inhibit the transcription due to which the gene is turned “offâ€.
Structural gene- These are the DNA fragments that encode for a specific protein collection. The expression of the structural genes leads to the formation of different proteins. For example: In the Lac operon (Lactose operon), the Lac Z, Laz Y, and Lac A are the structural genes. Lac Z- forms βeta galactosidase. Lac Y- forms Permease. and, Lac A- forms Transacetylase.
When the lactose is absent in the surrounding environment the gene is turned ‘off’ because of the regulatory gene synthesis, the Active repressor protein attached with the operator region. The attachment to the operator portion of the repressor protein decreases the ability of the RNA polymerase to attach to the gene promoter, and even though the RNA polymerase attaches to the gene promoter, the length of the binding is also too limited for the protein to synthesize. The Operator- Repressor protein association will block the movement of the RNA polymerase in the forward direction and the synthesis of the structural genes: βeta-galactosidase, permease, and Trans-acetylase will not take place.
When the lactose is present in the surrounding environment the gene turns “ON†because as the regulatory gene synthesizes the Active repressor protein (A.P), the A.P binds to the operator region. In this case, the binding of the repressor protein with the operator region will not take place due to the presence of lactose in the surrounding. As a consequence, lactose attaches to the repressor protein and the repressor protein is unable to attach to the regulator region. The RNA polymerase attaches and converts all three structural genes to the gene promoter.
The functions of the structural genes are:
βeta-galactosidase- this enzyme binds to the lactose and converts it into allolactose and the allolactose binds with active repressor protein and converts it into inactive repressor protein due to which the RNA Polymerase easily binds to the promoter region and transcribes the genes.
Permease- the function of this protein is that it goes to the biological membrane makes the channel due to the lactose present in the media easily enters into the cell. The lactose gets converted into the allolactose and inactive the repressor protein.
Transacetylase- the function of transacetylase is to enhance the activity of βeta-galactosidase.
The Gene is turned “ON†in the presence of the lactose. The lactose is converted into the Allolactose (Leaky transcription) and the allolactose formed binds to the Active repressor protein converting it into the inactive repressor protein, as a result, the RNA polymerase binds the promoter region and transcribes the genes. The Lactose will be utilized by the bacteria as an energy source.
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